La infección urinaria y su prevención / Urinary Tract Infections and Their Prevention

Contexto: En este artículo se revisan diferentes aspectos acerca de la prevención de las infecciones del tracto urinario que incluyen: la confirmación de la existencia de dichas infecciones, la aplicación de medidas higiénico-dietéticas, la profilaxis antibacteriana-preferentemente la toma de una única dosis nocturna diaria oral de un antibiótico o quimioterápico con elevada excreción urinaria y buena tolerancia-, la administración de vacunas elaboradas con Escherichiacoli y otros bacilos gramnegativos completos con fracciones inmunoestimulantes o fimbrias tipo 1 de E. coli por vías parenteral u oral. Objetivo: Revisión de las nuevas medidas de prevención de las infecciones del tracto urinario. Adquisición y síntesis de evidencia: Se revisan diferentes aspectos microbiológicos, la fisiopatología y los factores de virulencia de E. coli uropatógenos productores de fimbrias de tipos 1y P. Se analiza la relación entre los grupos sanguíneos y la infección del tracto urinario en los individuos secretores y no secretores. Conclusiones: El uso de vacunas inactivadas con fenol y administradas por vía mucosa, el empleode inhibidores de la adherencia y de la formación de biopelículas bacterianas y el uso de estimuladores del adenosín-monofosfato cíclico se presentan como nuevas medidas preventivas de la infección urinaria, particularmente para el grupo de mayor incidencia, representado por las mujeres entre la pubertad y la menopausia (AU)

Context: This article reviews diverse aspects of the prevention of urinary tract infections, including confirmation of the diagnosis, application of hygiene and dietary measures, antibacterial prophylaxis (preferably consisting of a single nocturnal oral dose per day of an antibiotic or drug with high urinary excretion and good tolerance), and administration of vaccines made with Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacilli, consisting of immunostimulating fractions of E. coli strains or E. coli type-1 fimbriae administered through the parenteral or oral route. Objective: We aimed to review the new preventive measures against urinary tract infections. Acquisition and synthesis of evidence: We reviewed various microbiological aspects, as well as the physiopathology and virulence factors of uropathogenic E. coli strains expressing type-1 and P fimbriae. The association between blood groups and urinary tract infections in blood group antigen-secretors and non secretors was analyzed. Conclusions: New preventive measures against urinary tract infection consist of the use of phenol-inactivated vaccines administered via the mucosal route, inhibitors of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation and cyclic adenosine monophosphate stimulators, especially in women aged between puberty and menopause, who show the highest incidence of these infections (AU)

[Urinary tract infections and their prevention]. / La infección urinaria y su prevención.

CONTEXT: This article reviews diverse aspects of the prevention of urinary tract infections, including confirmation of the diagnosis, application of hygiene and dietary measures, antibacterial prophylaxis (preferably consisting of a single nocturnal oral dose per day of an antibiotic or drug with high urinary excretion and good tolerance), and administration of vaccines made with Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacilli, consisting of immunostimulating fractions of E. coli strains or E. coli type-1 fimbriae administered through the parenteral or oral route. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to review the new preventive measures against urinary tract infections. ACQUISITION AND SYNTHESIS OF EVIDENCE: We reviewed various microbiological aspects, as well as the physiopathology and virulence factors of uropathogenic E. coli strains expressing type-1 and P fimbriae. The association between blood groups and urinary tract infections in blood group antigen-secretors and nonsecretors was analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: New preventive measures against urinary tract infection consist of the use of phenol-inactivated vaccines administered via the mucosal route, inhibitors of bacterial adherence and biofilm formation and cyclic adenosine monophosphate stimulators, especially in women aged between puberty and menopause, who show the highest incidence of these infections.

[Hematuria and sharp renal failure as debut of secondary bladder amiloidosis. Presentation of a new case and revision of the literature]. / Hematuria y fracaso renal agudo como debut de amiloidosis vesical secundaria. Presentación de un nuevo caso y revisión de la literatura.

The primary bladder amiloidosis is an uncommon pathology, not existing in the world more than 150 published cases, being even more exceptional the secondary bladder amiloidosis being described around 25 cases. The secondary bladder amiloidosis associates in most from the patients to arthritis reumatoide of long evolution. The diagnoses clinical it is difficult, being necessary the differential diagnosis with the bladder tumour. The pathological study and inmunohistochemics, confirm the diagnosis. We present the case of a patient that I debut with frank hematuria, hemodynamic uncertainty and renal inadequacy that it required combined treatment, doctor and surgical for the resolution of their square.

[Myofibroblastic tumor of bladder]. / Tumor miofibroblástico de vejiga.

The myofibroblastic tumor, is a mesenchymal benign tumor of exceptional character, being its localization but habitual it is the lung; while its appearance in the bladder, is exceptional, not existing but of 100 published cases, of this tumor type in the bladder. This tumor type that clinic and radiologics, behave as a wicked tumor. The pathological diagnosis is complex, due to its similarity with the sarcomas, being necessary to appeal to the inmunohistochemics for a I diagnose of certainty. The treatment by means of wide resection is usually enough not existing any case of metastasis at the present time at distance, neither of malignization. We present a new case of this neoplasm, carrying out a wide bibliographical revision.

[Proceedings in the implantation of a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program]. / Implantación de un programa de prostatectomia radical laparoscópica.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our proceedings in the implatation of our laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program (LRP). METHODS: Our working agenda and step-oriented implementation of our LRP program are shown. RESULTS: Four main steps were scheduled to acomplish this goal. These were: Preparatory phase, programed open conversion, development and analysis. Overlapping of each of these phase occured although their major content run on a time-basis. After basic skills acquisition and updating of our equipment we moved into the fixed-time open conversion we allowed us to progresively improve our performance without putting our patients into risks. Operative time of this phase exceeds that of our open cases in 63 minutes and no major complications took place. A rapid decrease in the operative time was noted after the first 15 cases (197' vs 264'). CONCLUSION: Implantation of a program of LRP can be done safely with a pre-planned program tailored to the needs and characteristics of each group and institution.

Hematuria y fracaso renal agudo como debut de amiloidosis vesical secundaria. Presentación de un nuevo caso y revisión de la literatura / Hematuria and sharp renal failure as debut of secondary bladder amiloidosis. Presentation of a new case and revision of the literature

La amiloidosis vesical primaria es una patología infrecuente, no existiendo en el mundo más de 150 casos publicados, siendo aun más excepcional la amiloidosis vesical secundaria estando descritos alrededor de 25 casos. La amiloidosis vesical secundaria se asocia en la mayor parte de los pacientes a artritis reumatoide de larga evolución. El diagnostico clínico es difícil, siendo necesario el diagnóstico diferencial con los tumores vesicales. El estudio patológico e inmunohistoquímico, confirma el diagnóstico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente que debuto con hematuria franca, inestabilidad hemodinámica e insuficiencia renal, que requirió tratamiento combinado, médico y quirúrgico para la resolución de su cuadro (AU)

The primary bladder amiloidosis is an uncommon pathology, not existing in the world more than 150 published cases, being even more exceptional the secondary bladder amiloidosis being described around 25 cases. The secondary bladder amiloidosis associates in most from the patients to arthritis reumatoide of long evolution. He diagnoses clinical it is difficult, being necessary the differential diagnosis with the bladder tumour. The pathological study and inmunohistoquímics, confirm the diagnosis. We present the case of a patient that I debut with frank hematuria, hemodynamic uncertainty and renal inadequacy that it required combined treatment, doctor and surgical for the resolution of their square (AU)

Tumor miofibroblástico de vejiga / Miofibroblastic tumor of bladder

El tumor miofibroblásticos es un tumor mesenquimal benigno de carácter excepcional, siendo su localización mas habitual es el pulmón; mientras que su aparición en la vejiga, es excepcional, no existiendo mas de 100 casos publicados, de este tipo de tumor en la vejiga. Este tipo de tumor que clínica y radiológicamente, se comporta como un tumor maligno. El diagnóstico patológico es complejo, debido a su similitud con los sarcomas, siendo necesario recurrir a la inmunohistoquímica para un diagnostico de certeza. El tratamiento mediante resección amplia suele ser suficiente no existiendo en la actualidad ningún caso de metástasis a distancia, ni de malignizacion. Presentamos un nuevo caso de este tumor, realizando una amplia revisión bibliográfica (AU)

The miofibroblastic tumor, is a mesenchimal benign tumor of exceptional character, being its localization but habitual it is the lung; while its appearance in the bladder, is exceptional, not existing but of 100 published cases, of this tumor type in the bladder. This tumor type that clinic and radiologics, behave as a wicked tumor. The pathological diagnosis is complex, due to its similarity with the sarcomas, being necessary to appeal to the inmunohistoquimics for a I diagnose of certainty.The treatment by means of wide resection is usually enough not existing any case of metastasis at the present time at distance, neither of malignization. We present a new case of this neoplasm, carrying out a wide bibliographical revision (AU)

Implantación de un programa de prostatectomía radical laparoscópica / Proceedings in the implantation of a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program

Objetivo: Exponer la implantación de nuestro programa de prostatectomía radical laparoscópica (PRL). Material y métodos: Se presenta la metodología y el plan de trabajo seguido en nuestro Centro. Resultados. La implantación del programa de PRL se hace en diferentes de fases coincidentes de manera parcial cronológicamente: fase de preparatoria, fase de reconversión programada, fase de desarrollo y fase de análisis. La primera es un periodo de aprendizaje de la técnica laparoscópica y de adquisición de equipamiento. La fase de reconversión realizada sobre nueve pacientes supone el comienzo de la técnica laparoscópica con una limitación en el tiempo para evitar alargamiento del tiempo quirúrgico y morbilidad. En nuestra experiencia, el incremento medio de tiempo quirúrgico ha sido de 63 minutos respecto a la prostatectomía radical abierta y no hemos tenido complicaciones mayores en este periodo. El tiempo quirúrgico medio disminuyó rápidamente tras los primeros 15 pacientes (197’ vs 264’). Conclusiones: La implantación de un programa de PRL es factible sin que conlleve riesgos añadidos a los pacientes haciéndolo mediante una planificación ordenada previamente que se debe ajustar a las particularidades de cada grupo e institución (AU)

Objective: To describe our proceedings in the implatation of our laparoscopic radical prostatectomy program (LRP). Methods: Our working agenda and step-oriented implementation of our LRP program are shown. Results: Four main steps were scheduled to acomplish this goal. These were: Preparatory phase, programed open conversion, development and analysis. Overlapping of each of these phase occured although their major content run on a time-basis. After basic skills acquisition and updating of our equipment we moved into the fixed-time open conversion we allowed us to progresively improve our performance without putting our patients into risks. Operative time of this phase exceeds that of our open cases in 63 minutes and no major complications took place. A rapid decrease in the operative time was noted after the first 15 cases (197’ vs 264’). Conclusion: Implantation of a program of LRP can be done safely with a pre-planned program tailored to the needs and characteristics of each group and institution (AU)

[Treatment with sildenafil of cold glands syndrome after inflatable penile prosthesis]. / Tratamiento con sildenafilo del síndrome de glande frío tras implante de prótesis hidráulica de pene.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of sildenafil on the response of glans penis during sexual intercourse in patients with penile prosthesis who show cold glans syndrome symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen patients who had undergone three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis implantation were evaluated. In spite of the normal functioning of the device all of them complained of a degree of dissatisfaction during SI due to a lack of engorgement in the glans penis. The patients were advised to have a dose of 100 mg VO sildenafil about 45 minutes before activating the PP and starting SI. All of them followed this scheme at least three times. They ticked questions 7, 8, 13 and 14 of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire with/without having had sildenafil. RESULTS: Twelve out of thirteen patients (85.7%) indicated a more pleasant SI on sildenafil. It was related to an increase in penile glans engorgement and sensitivity. The scores obtained in the IIEF questions showed a significant increase on taking sildenafil. The partners also talked of a more comfortable SI that they related to a less painful penetration. Sildenafil-related morbidity was not found. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil could be used to improve functional results of the penile prosthesis in those patients with CGS and seems to increase satisfaction during SI.

Tratamiento con sildenafilo del síndrome de glande frio tras implante de prótesis hidráulica de pene / Treatment with sildenafil of cold glands síndrome after inflatable penile prosthesis

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto de sildenafilo en la respuesta peneana glandular durante la relación sexual (RS) en pacientes con prótesis de pene que muestran síntomas sugerentes de síndrome de glande frío (SGF). MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Evaluamos catorce pacientes a quienes se había implantado una prótesis de pene (PP) hidráulica de tres piezas. A pesar de un funcionamiento normal del dispositivo, todos los pacientes se quejaban de diversos grados de insatisfacción durante la RS debido a falta de incremento de volumen en glande. Se recomendó a los pacientes la ingestión de una dosis de 100 mg de sildenafilo unos 45 minutos antes de activar la PP e iniciar la RS. Todos ellos siguieron este esquema al menos en tres ocasiones. Respondieron las cuestiones 7, 8, 13 y 14 del Índice Internacional de Función Eréctil (IIEF) con/sin dosis previa de sildenafilo. RESULTADOS: Doce de los catorce pacientes (85,7%) indicaron una RS más placentera tras ingerir sildenafilo. Este hecho fue relacionado especialmente con un incremento en la sensibilidad y volumen del glande. Las puntuaciones obtenidas en las cuestiones del IIEF mostraron un incremento significativo al tomar sildenafilo. Las parejas también referían una RS más confortable que relacionaron con una PV menos dolorosa. No se objetivó morbilidad relacionable con sildenafilo. CONCLUSIONES: Sildenafilo puede ser utilizado para mejorar los resultados funcionales de las PP en pacientes con síndrome de glande frío y parece incrementar la satisfacción durante la RS

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of sildenafil on the response of glans penis during sexual intercourse in patients with penile prosthesis who show cold glans syndrome symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fourteen patients who had undergone three-piece inflatable penile prosthesis implantation were evaluated. In spite of the normal functioning of the device all of them complained of a degreeof dissatisfaction during SI due to a lack of engorgement in the glans penis. The patients were advised to have adose of 100 mg VO sildenafil about 45 minutes before activating the PP and starting SI. All of them followed this scheme at least three times. They ticked questions 7, 8, 13 and 14 of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire with/without having had sildenafil. RESULTS: Twelve out of thirteen patients (85,7%) indicated a more pleasant SI on sildenafil. It was related toan increase in penile glans engorgement and sensitivity. The scores obtained in the IIEF questions showed a significant increase on taking sildenafil. The partners also talked of a more comfortable SI that they related to aless painful penetration. Sildenafil-related morbidity was not found. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil could be used to improve functional results of the penile prosthesis in those patients with CGS and seems to increase satisfaction during SI

[Neurostimulation and neuromodulation in urinary incontinence]. / Neuroestimulación y neuromodulación en la incontinencia urinaria.

Electric stimulation in Urology has undergone considerable development since the 1970s. The implantation methods for urinary system stimulation are used for bladder emptying in neurogenic bladders (Neurostimulation) or the modulation of the electrical transmission of the voiding cycle caused by chronic detrusor-sphincter dysfunction (Neuromodulation). Both techniques have in common the direct stimulation of the sacral roots, responsible for the urinary reflex arc. The first of them works via external stimulation over an implanted antenna, and the second via permanent stimulation through an implanted pacemaker. We review in this article the indications, technique and results of both therapies, specially focused on the Spanish experience.

La neuromodulación como tratamiento de la disfunción miccional / Neuromodulation as a treatment of miction dysfunction

La neuromodulación es una herramienta terapéutica a nuestro alcance, con resultados avalados por la evidencia científica, que consiste en la estimulación eléctrica permanente de nervios sacros para el restablecimiento del ciclo miccional alterado, cuyos mecanismos fisioterapéuticos no conocemos completamente. Es un tratamiento indicado en pacientes con cuadros clínicos de urgencia-frecuencia, incontinencia por urgencia y retención crónica idiopática. Debe plantearse como alternativa terapéutica realista, después del fracaso de técnicas conservadoras, y como paso previo a otras terapias con mayor morbilidad como son la ampliación o la denervación vesical. Además, se dispone de una prueba de eficacia (test de estimulación) que permite evidenciar mejoría clínica previa a la implantación del estimulador definitivo. Por otra parte, ante fracaso terapeútico este procedimiento resulta reversible con escasa morbilidad.El implante del estimulador definitivo es un procedimiento quirúrgico sencillo, practicado hoy en muchos centros. La experiencia acumulada que de momento tenemos nos permite ser optimistas a medio plazo; ahora bien, el tiempo será el juez definitivo de cual es el verdadero papel de esta técnica en el tratamiento de la disfunción miccional (AU)

[Electric stimulation of sacral roots for the treatment of urinary incontinence due to detrusor instability: application of a technique and results in a clinical case]. / Estimulación eléctrica de raíces sacras para el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria por inestabilidad del detrusor: inicio de una técnica y resultado en un caso clínico.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case treated with a new technique in our therapeutic algorithm for non-neurogenic vesicourethral dysfunction. METHODS/RESULTS: A 47-year-old female underwent retropubic urethropexy for stress urinary incontinence. She remained incontinent due to detrusor instability to a degree that was socially unacceptable. After conservative treatment had failed, a percutaneous electrode was applied to the sacral nerve root and she received electrical stimulation of 4-6 milliamperes, 15 Hz and 200 microseconds duration for 7 days. Incontinence remitted for as long as 3 months after the electrode had been removed. CONCLUSION: The results achieved with sacral nerve electrical stimulation reported in the literature and our results support the use of this technique in urological clinical practice.

[Simplified Ramírez urethropexy in the treatment of genuine stress urinary incontinence in women. Multicenter study of clinical and urodynamic results]. / Uretropexia simplificada de Ramírez en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo genuina en la mujer. Estudio multicéntrico sobre los resultados clínicos y urodinámicos.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical and urodynamic data of a multicenter study on female urinary stress incontinence undergoing surgical repair with the Ramírez simplified urethropexy. METHODS: Clinical, urodynamic and videocystographic data were analyzed in a multicenter series of 340 female patients with urinary stress incontinence (mean age 51.7 +/- 9.7 years) before and after the Ramírez urethropexy technique (mean follow-up 21.7 months). RESULTS: Post surgical urinary continence was 78.4%. Cystocele repair was demonstrated in 57.7%. Urge incontinence decreased in 17.1%. Daytime frequency statistically significantly decreased in 19%. Urinary obstructive symptoms increased in 19.3%. Bladder instability significantly decreased posturethropexy. Peak urinary flow rate and mean urinary flow rate diminished in 65% and 59%, respectively. Postvoiding residual urine increased significantly. No statistical correlation between posturethropexy continence and videocystographic bladder neck morphology was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical and urodynamic data obtained in our series indicate that the Ramírez urethropexy technique, a simple and fast procedure, may be considered an alternative treatment in female urinary stress incontinence.

[Current status of neurostimulation and neuromodulation for vesicourethral dysfunction]. / Estado actual de la neuroestimulación y neuromodulación para la disfunción vésicouretral.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the current indications, techniques and results of sacral root stimulation in patients with spinal cord lesions as a treatment for patients with high pressure bladders and/or urinary incontinence despite conservative management, as well as sacral root neuromodulation with permanent stimulators for complex bladder dysfunction: vesical instability, sensory urgency, chronic pelvic pain and chronic voiding dysfunction. METHODS/RESULTS: The literature is reviewed, both techniques are described and the results of the most significant series are discussed, with special reference to the first groups that utilized these techniques. CONCLUSIONS: There is ample experience in the application of sacral root electrical stimulation. The reported results are comparable with those achieved by other treatments, such as augmentation cystoplasty. Neurostimulation and neuromodulation techniques are simple, the complications are minimal and they do not prelude the use of other therapies.

[Effectiveness of transrectal ultrasonography in local staging of prostatic cancer]. / Eficacia de la ecografía transrectal en el estadiaje local del cáncer de próstata.

OBJECT: To evaluate the value of rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound and their association in patients with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective study on 56 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1995-1995, mean age 63.2 +/- 10 years, to compare local clinical staging of extracapsular dissemination and seminal vesicle invasion performed by rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound with pathological findings in the prostatectomy specimens. The sensitivity, specificity, VPP, VPN, accuracy and percentage of under- and over-staged patients were assessed. RESULTS: Prevalence of locally advanced disease was 48%. Sensitivity to detect extracapsular dissemination was significantly higher with ultrasound (38%) than rectal examination (6%). Association of both techniques increased the sensitivity (50%) though not significantly; sensitivity to detect vesicle invasion was very low (14%). Accuracy of ultrasound to establish an overall definition of the local stage was 66%, but 59% patients with locally advanced disease were understaged and only 10% patients with localized disease were overstaged. CONCLUSIONS: Transrectal ultrasound showed low sensitivity to define the locally advanced disease mainly at the seminal vesicle level, with acceptable specificity. Overall evaluation of findings with RE and TRU increase discreetly the efficacy of prostate capsule staging.

[Correlation of prostatic specific antigen, tumor grade, and local stage with bone scintigraphy in the staging of patients with prostatic cancer]. / Correlación entre el antígeno específico prostático, el grado tumoral y el estadio local con la gammagrafía ósea en el estadadiaje de los pacientes con cáncer de próstata.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the capacity of PSA, tumor grade and local stage to predict the bone scintiscan findings in patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 189 patients with prostate cancer that had been seen at our institution from January, 1993 to September, 1995. PSA determination was performed prior to biopsy, local staging by DRE or transrectal US was done and they had a bone scintiscan before treatment. RESULTS: 21% of the patients had metastasis. Univariate analysis showed PSA (p < 0.001), tumor grade (p = 0.01) and local stage (p = 0.001) independently predicted the positive bone scintiscans. However, multivariate regression analysis showed tumor grade (rc = 0.05) or stage (rc = 0.07) did not increase the predictive value of PSA (rc = 0.22). The highest negative predictive value of PSA [95% (IC95 = 87.5%, 98.6%)] was obtained when 20 ng/ml was used as cutoff. Therefore 1.4% to 13.5% of the patients with bone metastasis could not have been diagnosed without scintigraphy. CONCLUSION: Bone scintigraphy should be performed routinely to determine the extent of the lesion in patients with prostatic cancer, particularly in those patients that are likely to undergo radical treatment.

[Complications of radical nephrectomy in the treatment of kidney adenocarcinoma]. / Complicaciones de la nefrectomía radical en el tratamiento del adenocarcinoma de riñón.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the peri- and post-surgical complications in Renal Adenocarcinoma (RAC) treated with Radical Nephrectomy (RN). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Revision of 109 patients with RAC who underwent transperitoneal anterior abdominal RN. Patients were locally staged post-surgically as: T1 + T2 61.5%, T3a 22.9%, T3ab 11% and T3b 4.6%. Approach and conservation of homolateral suprarenal gland were decided based on the preferences of the performing urologist. Hilar lymphadenectomy was performed in all cases. RN was done by a staff member in 77% cases and by a training resident assisted by a staff member in the remaining 23%. RESULTS: Peri-operative complications occurred in 10% patients, most commonly with left RN (13% vs. 7%) (p = 0.1), and further within this group the most frequent ones occurred in those using midpoint laparotomy (17.8% vs. 4%) (p = 0.1). Blood transfusion during surgery was required in 23% patients, this being more frequent when tumours had extended into the venous system (47%) and in left RN by midpoint laparotomy (39% vs. 12.5%) (p = 0.02). There were 32 post-surgical complications in 27 (24.8%) patients, the most common being sepsis of the surgical wound (6.4%); complications were more usual in patients undergoing right RN (31% vs. 20%) (p = 0.08) and in patients with blood transfusions (40% vs. 20%) (p = 0.4). There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, RN showed low intraoperative morbidity (10%), non-insignificant post-operative morbidity (24.8%) and no mortality. We consider subcostal laparotomy to be the best surgical approach in left RAC, with low morbidity and low peri-operative blood requirements.

[Morbidity of and tolerance to ultrasonography-guided transrectal biopsy of the prostate]. / Morbilidad y tolerancia de la biopsia transrectal ecodirigida de la próstata.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to evaluate the infectious complications of the ultrasound-guided prostate transrectal biopsy using two different antibiotic prophylactic regimes. Also, patient tolerance to ultrasound-guided transrectal biopsy is assessed. METHODS: Prospective study in 100 patients randomized to antibiotic prophylaxis with Pefloxacin (800 mg as single dose) versus Ciprofloxacin (250 mg/8 h/72 h). Tolerance data collection was done through completion of a questionnaire immediately after biopsy. RESULTS: Out of the 92 patients eligible for the study, 44 (48%) were assigned to Pefloxacin and 28 (52%) to Ciprofloxacin. In-house validation indicated both groups were matched. 90% patients showed good tolerance to the ultrasound technique and 81.5% patients to the transrectal biopsy. 31.5% patients presented no post-biopsy events; among the remaining only one patient (1%) required medical care and hospitalization. No patient had infectious complications. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate transrectal ultrasound and transrectal prostate biopsy was an approach well tolerated by most (81.5%) patients studied. Percentage of major complications was very small (1%), while post-biopsy events (haematuria, rectorrhage, etc) which do not require medical care should be considered not as complications but as effects intrinsic to the approach itself. Antibiotic prophylaxis whether with Pefloxacin or Ciprofloxacine was highly effective, although Pefloxacin is preferred due to its single dose administration and lower cost.

[Comparative study of duplex Doppler ultrasonography and dynamic cavernosometry by infusion in the diagnosis of arteriogenic impotence]. / Estudio comparativo entre eco-doppler duplex y cavernosometría dinámica por infusion en el diagnóstico de impotencia arteriogénica.

The findings of duplex doppler ultrasonography (DDU) of cavernous arteries (CA) and of dynamic infusion cavernosometry in 61 patients who underwent both diagnostic procedures were examined. Our work consisted in comparing the blood flow velocity in the CAs during the systolic peak, as measured with DDU, with the gradient CA occlusion pressure/mean brachial blood pressure and in attempting to determine whether there was a correlation between both measurements and whether patients were similarly classified by both methods. The results of each examination separately were also compared with the response to isolated injection of intracavernous drugs (ICI). Of the 61 patients, 56 were eligible for the study as 5 patients were excluded owing to a massive venous leak. A 78.6% of the patients were categorized similarly by both diagnostic methods. The correlation coefficient between both methods for the 56 evaluable patients was R = -0.756, implying a statistically significant correlation between the two measurements (p < 0.0001). The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of a positive test as regards the response to the ICI of vasoactive drugs in both diagnostic methods showed very similar values in our sample. We conclude that both methods--the Doppler Ultrasonography and the measurement of the occlusion pressure of the cavernous arteries--are equally valid for assessing the arterial function of the cavernous bodies in erection. If we consider that the erectile function of the penis consists in storing energy in the form of pressure and that this pressure is supplied by the cavernous arteries, from a physiological point of view, it is more consistent to measure the pressure in these arteries.